충북연구원

본 연구는 지방정부의 탄소중립 정책 실현을 위해 '기후인지 사전심사청구제'의 도입 필요성과 구체적 실행방안을 다룬 기초연구로, 현행 「민원 처리에 관한 법률」 제30조의 사전심사청구 절차에 온실가스 배출 및 감축 검토 항목을 결합하는 정책적 모델을 제안한다. 기후변화와 온실가스 배출의 대응은 더 이상 중앙정부의 대규모 개발사업이나 재정사업에만 적용되는 문제가 아니라, 전국 지방정부의 일상적인 소규모 인허가 민원에서도 긴급하게 반영될 필요가 있다는 데서 본 연구가 출발하였다. 특히, 최근 3년간 충청북도 제천시의 민원 접수 현황을 분석한 결과, 주요 사전심사청구 유형 가운데 ‘건축허가 및 신고’(약 67%)가 가장 큰 비중을 차지했으며, ‘관광농원 및 관광휴양시설’, ‘공장등록 및 창업 승인’ 등이 뒤를 이었다. 이들 행위는 주로 임야 전환과 같은 토지 개발을 동반하며, 누적된 온실가스 배출이 지역 탄소중립 목표 달성에 지대한 영향을 미친다.
본 연구는 문헌 고찰과 국내외 사례조사, 수치 분석, 전문가 자문을 통해 '기후인지 사전심사청구제'가 현장에서 어떻게 제도화될 수 있는지 검토하였다. 법적 근거로는 「탄소중립기본법」, 「환경영향평가법」, 「지방자치법」 등 관련 법령과의 정합성을 분석하였으며, 사전심사 제도의 유연한 적용과 현행 민원처리 시스템 연계 가능성을 확인했다. 또한 기후영향 평가 및 온실가스 감축 설계는 민원 접수 초기 단계에서부터 활동자료와 배출계수를 활용한 정량적 산정이 가능하다는 점, 이에 기반해 민원인에게 저감 시나리오와 친환경 대안을 안내함으로써 지역 사회의 자발적 수용성과 참여도를 높일 수 있다는 점이 실증적으로 제시됐다.
각 민원별로 온실가스 배출 영향은 Scope 1(직접배출), Scope 2(간접배출-전기 등 에너지), Scope 3(공급망 전체: 자재 생산, 운송, 토지이용 변화 등)로 세분화하여 분석됐다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 민원성 소규모 개발사업의 온실가스 배출 중 약 85% 이상이 Scope 3에서 발생하며, 저탄소 자재·재생에너지 활용·녹지 복원 등 감축방안을 적용할 경우 20~30%의 총 배출 감소 효과가 기대된다. 이러한 접근은 기존 환경영향평가가 포괄하지 못하고 있던 행정 사각지대를 효과적으로 메울 수 있다.
제도 운영 방안으로는 신청 단계에서 '기후인지 검토서식' 확인과 온실가스 배출 산정, 감축 권고, 결과 통지, 내부 데이터 환류까지의 일련의 절차가 정착되어야 하며, 담당 공무원 교육 및 민원인 안내서 마련, 표준 서식 개발, 온라인 자동산정 도구 도입이 반드시 병행되어야 한다. 장기적으로는 인센티브 설계(배출감축 사업에 대해 인허가 절차 간소화, 지방세 감면, 녹색금융 연계 등)가 필요하며, 위성·IoT 등 첨단정보기술을 활용해 실시간 모니터링과 데이터 관리가 이루어지도록 해야 한다.
국내외 사례분석에서는 영국 첼트넘·독일 함부르크·뉴질랜드·필리핀 등 주요 도시와 국가들이 정교한 기후영향 평가체계, 디지털 평가도구, 재정지원 연계, 국제표준화 등 발전된 거버넌스를 구현하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이들은 정책의 투명성과 실효성을 높이기 위해 평가 결과의 시각적 공개와 자동화, 실무자-정책결정자 공동 검증, 민관 협력 등을 핵심축으로 삼고 있다.
본 연구의 주요 정책 제안은 기후인지 사전심사청구제의 단계적 제도화, 소규모 개발사업의 관리의무화, 온실가스 배출량 자동산정 플랫폼 구축, 인센티브 강화, 공무원·민원인 대상 교육과 매뉴얼 마련, 클라우드 기반 통합정책플랫폼 구축, 첨단기술을 기반으로 한 행정 시스템 디지털화, 시범사업 우선 시행 및 전국 확산 추진 등이다. 정책효과 분석, 국제기준 연계, 사회적 확장성까지 고려한 후속연구의 필요성도 강조된다. 궁극적으로, 기후인지 사전심사청구제의 도입은 지방정부의 기후위기 대응역량과 지역 공동체의 책무의식을 한층 강화하며, 실질적인 탄소중립 이행체계의 지역기반을 다지는 혁신적 제도모델로 자리매김할 것이다.

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ·······································································································1

2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 ·····································································································4

제II장 기후인지 사전심사청구제의 개념 및 법적 근거 ··················································· 6

1. 기후인지 사전심사청구제 개요 ························································································6 

2. 법적·제도적 도입 타당성 분석 ······················································································10 

3. 국내외 유관 사례 분석과 시사점 ··················································································13

제III장 온실가스 배출량 산정 및 배출 영향 분석 ························································ 25

1. 인허가 유형별 온실가스 배출 특성 분석 ·····································································25

2. 온실가스 배출량 산정 방법론 ·······················································································30

3. 온실가스 배출량 산정 예시 ···························································································33

제IV장 기후인지 사전심사청구제 운영방안 ··································································· 37

1. 운영방안 제시 ················································································································37

2. 평가 및 환류 체계 ········································································································41

제V장 결론 및 정책 제언 ······························································································ 44

1. 연구 결과 요약 및 시사점 ····························································································44

2. 정책적 제언 및 향후 연구 방향 ·················································································47

참고문헌 ·························································································································· 50

제1장 서 론 ························································································· 01

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ······················································································ 03

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ······················································································ 05

3. 주요 연구내용 ····························································································· 08

4. 연구 흐름도 ································································································· 09

제2장 관련 이론 및 정책 동향 ··························································· 11

1. 관련 제도 현황 ··························································································· 13

2. 관련 정책 동향 ··························································································· 24

3. 선행연구 검토와 차별성 ·············································································· 33

제3장 금강수계관리기금 성과평가 및 분석 ········································· 37

1. 금강유역 물환경 현황 ················································································· 39

2. 금강수계관리기금 운용현황 및 평가 ·························································· 54

3. 금강수계관리기금 운용의 문제점 분석 ······················································· 89

4. 이해관계자 의견수렴(설문조사) ································································ 101

제4장 금강수계관리기금 운용 개선방향 ············································ 115

1. 금강수계관리기금 의사결정 방식 전환의 필요성 ···································· 117

2. 생태계서비스를 고려한 유역기반 수변구역 관리체계 개선 ······················ 138

3. 물관리 제도 변화와 연계한 수계기금 운용의 변화 ······································152

4. 금강수계관리기금 운용 개선 기본방향 ··························································157

5. 금강수계관리기금 운용 개선방안 ···································································160

제5장 결 론 ······················································································· 173

1. 연구 요약 ·································································································· 175

2. 정책제언 ···································································································· 178

3. 연구의 한계 및 향후 과제 ······································································· 182

참고문헌 ····························································································· 183

부 록 ································································································· 186

경제자유구역(Free Economic Zone, FEZ) 제도는 외국인 투자 유치와 국내 산업 경쟁력 강화를 목표로 도입된 정책이다. 경제자유구역은 외국인 투자기업 및 국내 복귀기업이 안정적으로 사업을 운영할 수 있도록 경영환경을 개선하고, 나아가 국가 경제 발전을 견인하는 글로벌 비즈니스 거점으로서의 역할을 수행한다.
경제자유구역 제도의 도입 배경은 크게 네 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 첫째, 외국인 투자 유치를 확대하고자 하는 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 경제자유구역에서는 외국인 기업들이 투자 매력을 느낄 수 있도록 조세 감면, 규제 완화, 부지 제공 등 다양한 혜택을 제공한다. 둘째, 외국인 투자기업의 정주 여건을 개선하고, 비즈니스와 생활이 조화를 이루는 도시 환경을 조성하는 데 중점을 둔다. 셋째, 수도권과 비수도권의 균형 발전을 도모하고, 지역별 특화 산업을 육성해 지역 경제를 활성화하는 데 기여한다. 마지막으로, 동북아 비즈니스 중심지로 자리 잡기 위해 물류, 산업, 상업, 주거 기능이 복합된 경제 거점을 조성하는 것이 목표이다. 경제자유구역은 외국인 투자뿐만 아니라 국내 첨단기술 기업과 복귀 기업(U턴 기업)의 유치를 통해 산업 생태계를 강화하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 통해 첨단산업과 신기술을 집중 육성하고, 산업 구조를 고도화해 한국의 국가 경쟁력을 끌어올리는 전략거점으로서 역할이 요구된다. 특히 바이오, ICT, 항공, 물류 등 신성장 동력을 중심으로 한 산업 다각화와 고도화를 추진해 글로벌 시장에서 경쟁력을 확보하는 지원기능을 특화하고, 지역 내 산업 및 혁신 거점지역과 차별화를 통해 지역산업의 세계화를 위한 요충지 역할이 요구된다.
충북은 오송 바이오메디컬지구, 오송 바이오폴리스지구, 청주 에어로폴리스1·2지구 등 총 4개의 경제자유구역을 운영하고 있다. 그러나 기존 산업단지와의 차별성이 부족하고, 외국인 투자 유치 효과가 낮다는 평가를 받고 있다. 이에 따라 충북 경제자유구역의 기능을 재정립하고, 외국인 투자 및 국내 기업 유치 전략을 차별화하며, 지역산업과의 연계를 강화하는 동시에 지역산업성장의 혁신거점으로서의 위상을 확보하기 위한 대안모색이 요구된다.
충북경제자유구역의 지역사업자원과 연계한 발전전략으로는 첫째, 경제자유 구역의 역할을 국제화를 위한 인바운드 및 아웃바운드 기능으로 재정립하고, 외국인 및 국내 투자 유치 전략의 차별화가 요구된다. 둘째, 경제자유구역 내에서 산학연 협력을 강화하고, 혁신자원을 결집하여 지역산업의 국제적 경쟁력 강화를 위한 거점기능으로의 육성 전략이 요구된다. 셋째, 경제자유구역 내에서 특례제도를 적극 활용하고, 외국인 투자자들에게 매력적인 비즈니스 환경을 제공하여 충북을 글로벌 비즈니스 허브로 성장시키는 견인차 역할을 강화해야 할 것이다.

제Ⅰ장 서론 ······································································································· 1

1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 ··························································································1

2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 ··························································································1

3. 연구수행체계 ·······································································································2

제Ⅱ장 경제자유구역 지정 및 운영 현황 ····························································· 3

1. 경제자유구역 개념 및 개요 ···············································································3

2. 국내 경제자유구역 운영 현황 ············································································6

3. 경제자유구역 정책 지표 및 동향 ····································································13

제Ⅲ장 충북경제자유구역 성과진단 및 개선방향 ·············································· 27

1. 충북경제자유구역 현황 ·····················································································27

2. 충북경제자유구역 운영성과 ··············································································36

3. 충북경제자유구역 개선방향 ··············································································44

제Ⅳ장 해외 경제자유구역 유사사례 성공요인 고찰 ········································· 45

1. 중국 심천 경제특구 ··························································································45

2. 홍콩과학기술단지(Hong Kong Science&Technology Park) ·····················49

4. 미국 보스턴 바이오클러스터 ············································································54

제Ⅴ장 충북경제자유구역 연계 지역효과 창출 방안 ········································· 57

1. 경제자유구역 역할 재정립 ··················································································57

2. 외국인 등 투자유치 차별화 ················································································62

3. 지원특례 활용 활성화 ·························································································78

4. 충청권 초광역 차원 글로벌 성장거점기능 강화 ·················································85

참고문헌 ·····································································································95

Abstract ·····································································································96

한국은 급속한 고령화가 진행되는 가운데, 2024년 6월 기준 전국적으로는 그 비율이 19.5%로 ‘초고령사회(20%)’를 목전에 두고 있으며, 충북은 21.4%로 이미 초고령사회에 진입해 있다. 충북은 지역간 편차도 심해, 이미 5개 군이 이미 10년 전인 2014년에 이미 초고령사회에 진입해 있었고, 초고령사회의 기준인 20%의 배가 되는 40%에 도달했거나 조만간에 도달할 것이다. 지난 10년간의 변화 추세가 이어진다면 도내 군 지역은 대부분 10년 이내에 50% 내외의 고령화율을 보일 것이다. 또한 충북은 1인 가구의 비율이 37%로 전국 평균(34.5%)보다 높으며, 65세 이상의 독거노인의 비율 역시 전국 평균(9.1%)보다 높으며 일부 군 지역은 20%에 근접하고 있다. 이러한 상황 속에서 한국은 노인빈곤율 1위, 자살률 세계 1위의 불명예를 안고 있으며, 노인층은 다른 연령층에 비해 상대적으로 떨어지는 행복도를 보여주고 있다.
여가와 문화생활이 이러한 문제점을 해결하는 유일한 대안이 될 수는 없지만, 100세 시대, 퇴직 이후 2, 30년의 노후생활을 보다 행복하고 보람 있게 보내는데, 문화·여가 활동이 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 점만은 분명하다. 고령화사회의 진행과 함께 문화예술 활동 중심축이 되는 예술인 역시 빠르게 고령인 중심으로 재편되고 있다. 충북은 젊은 청년 예술인의 수급이 원활치 않아 좀 더 심각한 양상을 띠고 있다. 복지부의 예술활동증명 통계 기준으로 충북은 20대에서 40대의 예술인 비율은 전국 평균에 비해 낮은 반면, 60대 70대의 비율은 전국 평균의 두 배에 이를 정도로 고령화가 빠르게 진행 중이다. 청주시와 그 외 지역간의 편차도 심한데, 도내 11개 시군 청년(20세∼39세) 예술인의 약 70%가 청주에 집중되어 있다. 군 지역에서는 일부 장르(무용, 연극 등)의 소멸이 진행되고 있다. 한편으로 예술활동증명 기준, 신규로 예술계에 진입하는 신진 예술인의 연령대를 보면, 전국적인 상황과 달리, 20대에 이어서 60대가 그 뒤를 잇고 있다. 이는 인생 제2막을 문화예술인의 삶으로 살려는 한 의지의 표현으로 읽을 수 있으며, 문화예술은 노후의 삶을 보람 있게 보낼 수 있는 하나의 수단으로 인식하고 있음을 잘 보여준다. 문화예술 정책의 해답은 그 현장에 답이 있다는 말처럼, 이 같은 고령화하는 환경을 충분히 반영될 필요가 있다.
문화 관련 법령의 모법에 해당하는 이 문화기본법에서는 “세대(연령)와 지역에 따른 조건과 관계없이 문화 표현과 활동에서 차별받지 않고, 자유롭게 문화를 창조하고 문화 활동에 참여하며 문화를 향유할 권리를 갖는다고 명시하고 있다.” 또한 모든 지방정부 역시 “누구든지, 언제든지, 어디서든지 국민이 참여와 향유의 주체”가 되는 문화예술 정책을 표방해 왔다. 하지만, 이러한 선험적인 법령과 정책 방향에도 불구하고, 엄연히 향유권에는 격차가 존재하고 있다.
활동이론에 따르면 노년기의 여가·문화 활동은 성공적 노화를 유도하는 중요한 변수가 될 것이며 행복한 노년기를 보내는 데 있어서 필수적인 요소이며, 원래 문화가 그렇듯이 삶의 질을 결정하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 문화 여가 활동, 특히 문화예술의 영역은, 고령화사회의 문제점을 극복하는 유일한 대안일 수는 없지만, 가장 보편적이면서 훌륭한 공공재로서 그 대안일 수도 있다는 것에 공감대를 형성할 필요가 있으며, 고령의 예술인과 향유자를 향한 적극적인 관심, 나아가 정책적 의지로 나아갈 필요가 있다.
그간 중앙정부나 지방정부에서 고령인의 문화 향유를 위해 다양한 정책적 노력을 기울여 온 것도 사실이다. 노인의 대표적인 문화여가시설인 노인복지관(경로당, 노인교실)을 비롯하여, 주민자치센터, 지방문화원, 각 지자체의 평생학습기관, 대학의 평생학습센터에서도 고령자를 위한 다양한 프로그램이 무료이거나 저렴한 비용의 수강료로 운영되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 충북지역의 음성군 한빛복지관을 비롯하여, 노인의 문화 여가 특성을 반영한 맞춤식 시설들이 전국적으로 확대 건립되고 있음을 확인했고, 모범 사례가 될 만한 국내외의 시설들도 살필 수 있었다.
무엇보다 이러한 시설과 프로그램에 대한 정보, 그 접근성 때문에 그 수혜를 반복적으로 누리는 향유자와 거의 누리지 못하는 고령층과의 격차 또한 크다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 접근성의 문제와 누구나 쉽게 이러한 정보에 접근할 수 있도록 하는 정책적 배려가 반드시 요구된다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 사실은 고령의 예술인이나 그 향유자에 인터뷰 설문에서도 드러나고 있다. 이 같은 현장 목소리를 반영, 실천이 가능한 정책부터 추진하는 것도 하나의 방법이 될 수 있다. 고령의 향유자들은 접근성 문제 해결을 위해 ‘문화버스’의 운영, 찾아가는 작은 규모 공연의 활성화 등을 요구하고 있다. 한편 고령 예술인들은 각종 지원 사업에서 소외되지 않도록 좀 더 세심한 행정적 지원이 뒤따라주길 원하고 있으며, 발표 및 전시 기회의 확대, 소통 공간의 확보, 유휴공간을 활용한 방음 장치가 갖추어진 연습장의 확보, 무엇보다 봉사 기회의 부여 등을 희망하고 있었다.
향유자든 예술인이든 고령인으로서 공히 각종 문화예술 정보에 대한 접근의 어려움을 피력하고 있다. 고령의 향유자와 예술인이 쉽게 읽을 수 있는 고령인 전용의 정보 플랫폼 구축도 시급히 서둘러야 할 과제라고 할 수 있다.

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ···········································································································1

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ········································································································13

제Ⅱ장 노인의 문화·여가 활동 및 관련 정책 ································································ 15

1. 노인과 여가·문화 활동 ································································································15

2. 고령층을 위한 주요 정책 ····························································································26

제Ⅲ장 노인의 문화·여가를 위한 시설과 프로그램 ······················································· 45

1. 충북의 노인문화시설 ·····································································································45

2. 충북의 노인 대상 문화·여가 프로그램 ·········································································50

3. 고령층을 위한 국내외의 주요 시설과 프로그램 사례 ··················································63

제Ⅳ장 충북의 노인 및 고령 예술인 현황과 의견수렴 ················································· 75

1. 충북의 노인 및 고령 예술인 현황 ················································································75

2. 고령 예술인 및 향유자의 의견수렴 ··············································································88

제Ⅴ장 결론 ················································································································ 107

1. 고령화사회와 문화·여가 활동의 중요성 ·····································································107

2. 현장 목소리를 반영, 실천 가능한 정책부터 추진 ·····················································111

참고문헌 ····························································································································113

Abstract ···························································································································115

지방소멸의 미래는 인구구조와 많은 사회경제적 요인들이 상호작용으로 인해 앞으로 더욱 가속화 할 가능성이 크다. 지방정부가 어떻게 지방소멸의 동태성을 이해하고, 예측하느냐에 따라 문제의 심각성에 대한 정책적 대응 수준과 타이밍에도 차이가 나타날 것이다. 이러한 지방소멸 문제의 심각성에 대한 인식 수준에 따라 지방소멸 대응 수준과 회복 가능성 정도도 달라질 것이다. 국가 전체적인 인구 자연감소 구조와 수도권으로의 비수도권 인구쏠림 이동이라는 두 개의 구조가 지속적으로 작동하고 있다. 따라서 지역적으로 농촌지역은 지방소멸이 더 빠르게 진행되어 피할 수 없는 상황으로 심화되고 있다. 특히, 농촌역은 인구가 감소한 이후 한 번도 회복하지 못한 채 빠르게 감소하고 있다. 인구감소 저지나 인구회복에 성공하지 못할 경우 지방소멸이 피하기 어려운 경로라고 한다면 지체없이 보다 더 강력한 인구감소 대응이 필요하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 우리나라는 인구 늘리기는 난제 중의 난제인바 정책 불능 상황에 직면할 가능성마저 크다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 지방자치단체는 농촌의 매력을 재발견하여 지역경제활성화 뿐만 아니라 인구유입을 하는 계기가 되어야 한다.
첫째, 농촌 공간 재구조화 및 재생지원이다. 귀농․귀촌 인구 및 관계인구를 유인하기 위한 농촌지역 정책이 필요하다. 왜냐하면, 농촌 인구감소, 지역소멸위기 대두 등 위험요인이 상존하고 있다. 따라서 지방자치단체는 농촌주민들을 위해 농촌의 매력을 재발견해 나가야 한다.
둘째, 농촌 맞춤형 사회서비스 구축이다. 정부는 농촌지역 생활서비스를 지속적으로 조성하였으나, 인프라가 충분하지 않다. 따라서 정부는 농촌 정주여건개선, 생활서비스 지원확대, 여성 농업인 및 농촌거주 여성지원 및 농촌공동체 주도의 서비스 확산이 필요하다.
셋째, 지역활성화 기반조성이다. 농촌지역의 경제구조는 1차, 2차 산업 비중이 상대적으로 높고, 고부가가치산업은 일부 지역을 중심으로 분포하고 있다. 따라서 농촌교류를 통해 도시거주자와 농촌 거주자 간의 직접적인 상호작용이 요구된다.
넷째, 농촌지역은 지방소멸에 직면하고 있는 상황에서는 타지역으로부터의 인구 유입을 지원하는 사업과 기존의 지역의 인구 유출을 막기 위한 기업과 청년, 여성, 노인을 지원하기 위한 정책과 사업을 이원화하여 차별적이고 획기적인 지원을 아끼지 말아야 한다.
그러므로 지방소멸에 성공적으로 대응하고 지역의 인구구조를 지속가능한 상태로 전환하기 위해서는 단순히 인구를 늘리는데만 급급한 것이 아니라 인구구조의 불균형을 완화할 수 있는 정책들이 바람직하다.

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ···········································································································1

2. 연구 내용 및 방법 ·········································································································4

 1) 연구 범위 ···················································································································4

 2) 연구 방법 ···················································································································4

제II장 이론적 논의 ············································································································ 7

1. 저출생·고령화로 인한 인구감소사회로의 전환 ································································7

2. 농촌의 소멸위기지역 지원정책 ······················································································14

3. 농촌지역이 직면한 미래위기 트렌드 분석 ····································································18

 1) 가속화 하는 농촌지역의 인구감소와 고령화 ··························································18

 2) 농촌정책 3.0 : 지역 내부와 외부자원의 연계 강조 ·············································21

제III장 농촌지역 인구감소 현황 및 소멸위기 진단 ······················································· 23

1. 농촌지역 인구동태 및 소멸위기 진단 ···········································································23

 1) 농촌지역 지방 소멸 이슈의 증폭 ···········································································23

 2) 농촌지역 인구감소 현황과 특성 ·············································································27

 3) 농촌지역 인구감소의 동태성과 요인 ·······································································35

2. 농촌지역 인구소멸 위기분석 시뮬레이션 ······································································47

 1) 인구소멸의 인과순환구조와 시뮬레이션 모델 ·························································47

 2) 괴산군의 지방소멸 및 유입정책 효과 시뮬레이션 결과 ········································55

3. 소멸위기 진단 결과의 시점 ···························································································65

 1) 지방소멸 위기의 정해진 미래 ·················································································65

 2) 지방소멸 위기 대응의 레버리지 포인트(Leverage Point) ···································67

제IV장 충북 농촌지역 인구유입 방안 ············································································ 69

1. 인구유입을 위한 농촌지역 매력도의 구성요소 ·····························································69

2. 농촌지역의 매력도를 높이기 위한 지원사업 및 정책사례 분석 ··································72

3. 생활인구 유입 및 활성화 방안 ·····················································································76

 1) 농촌 지역 내 인구변화에 따른 농촌 중심지별 정책 차별화 ·································76

 2) 농촌답고 새로운 기회의 장으로서 농촌 정주공간 조성 ········································79

제V장 결론 및 정책제언 ································································································ 85

1. 결론 ································································································································85

2. 정책제언 ·························································································································87

참고문헌 ·························································································································· 88

Appendix ······················································································································· 93

부록 1: 전국 농촌지역 군 자치단체 인구동태성 자료 ·····················································95

Abstract ·····························································································································97

Table of contents ···········································································································99

혁신도시 공공기관 2차 이전 논의가 지속되고 있다. 실제 공공기관 2차이전이 조기에 단행될지 여부는 불명확한 실정이나, 1970년대 이래 지속되어 온 공공기관 이전경위에 기초할 때 향후 공공기관 이전 논의는 지속될 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지역 여건 및 공공기관 현황 분석에 입각하여 충북 공공기관 유치를 위한 기본방향을 제언하였다.
연구의 공간적 범위는 혁신도시 특별법 제29조에 의거 충북혁신도시 일원을 핵심적 공간적 범위로 하였다. 다만, 최근 들어 공공기관 이전의 범위로 다양한 대상지가 논의되고 있어, 부수적으로 충청북도 시군 전역을 대상으로 고찰하였다.
‘24년 현재 339개 공공기관이 있으며, 161개 공공기관이 수도권에 잔류하고 있다. 충북은 청주국제공항, KTX 오송역 등 교통시설, 4개 댐 등의 수자원 시설, 방사광가속기 등 산업시설, 국가대표 선수촌 등의 국가 중요시설이 입지해 있다. 산업적으로 바이오, 에너지 산업을 육성 중이다. 공공기관 이전은 충북의 위와 같은 특성에 부합하여야 한다.
이 연구에서는 혁신도시권, 비혁신도시권에 적합한 공공기관을 도출하고 유치를 위한 정책제언을 주된 연구 대상으로 하였다.
공공기관 도출의 방향은 지역전략산업, 국가중추자원, 기존 공공기관과의 연계성을 기준으로 하였다. 그 결과 혁신도시권에서 14개 기관, 비혁신도시권에서 16개 기관을 도출하였다.
공공기관 유치를 위한 정책방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공공기관 이전 부지의 마련을 선제적으로 하여야 한다. 둘째, 혁신도시 조성 성과를 정부에 홍보하기 위한 논리 전개가 필요하다. 셋째, 혁신도시 정주환경 및 공공기관 상생발전 노력을 지속하여야 한다. 넷째, 공공기관 연계 상생발전 제도 개선 및 조직 구성이 필요하다.

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ···········································································································1

2. 연구 범위 ·······················································································································3

제II장 공공기관 여건 및 동향 ·························································································· 5

1. 공공기관 여건 ··················································································································5

 1) 공공기관 정의와 특성 ································································································5

 2) 공공기관 현황 ············································································································7

2. 혁신도시 공공기관 이전 경위 및 동향 ·······································································23

 1) 혁신도시 공공기관 이전 경위 ·················································································23

 2) 공공기관 이전 정책동향 ··························································································29

제III장 충북 지역여건 분석 ···························································································· 33

1. 충청북도 여건 ················································································································33

 1) 일반 여건 ···············································································································33

 2) 인구·경제 여건 ········································································································37

 3) 지역주력 산업 ········································································································49

 4) 국가중요시설 ··········································································································58

2. 충북혁신도시 여건 ·········································································································63

 1) 혁신도시 조성 여건 ·································································································63

 2) 인구 여건 ·················································································································74

 3) 정주 여건 ·················································································································77

 4) 공공기관 현황 ··········································································································84

 5) 분양 및 잔여부지 현황 ···························································································88

3. 관련 계획 검토 ··············································································································94

 1) 충청북도 계획 ··········································································································94

 2) 충북혁신도시 계획 ···································································································97

제IV장 충북 유치 공공기관 예비 구상 ········································································ 103

1. 충북 유치 공공기관 도출 방향 ···················································································103

2. 혁신도시권 유치대상 공공기관 구상 ··········································································104

 1) 공공기관 유치대상 기관(안) ··················································································104

 2) 주요 유치대상 공공기관 특성 ···············································································106

 3) 유치대상 공공기관 선호도 ····················································································110

3. 비혁신도시권 유치대상 공공기관 구상(안) ·································································112

제V장 공공기관 유치를 위한 정책제언 ······································································· 115

1. 공공기관 이전 부지의 마련 ························································································115

 1) 기존 부지 활용 ······································································································115

 2) 신규 부지 활용 ······································································································115

2. 혁신도시 조성 애로 및 성과 대정부 홍보 ·································································117

3. 충북혁신도시 정주환경 및 공공기관 상생발전 노력 지속 ········································118

4. 공공기관 연계 상생발전 제도 개선 및 조직 구성 ····················································120

 1) 상생발전 제도 개선 ·······························································································120

 2) 공공기관 유치 조직 구성 ······················································································120

5. 비혁신도시권 개별이전 노력 지속 ··············································································122

참고문헌 ························································································································ 123

❍ 본 연구는 기후변화, 농촌 고령화 등으로 인한 농업의 지속가능성 위기를 극복하기 위해 충북 남부3군을 대상으로 4차 산업혁명 기술(예: IoT, AI)을 활용한 스마트팜을 도입하고 활성화하는 방안 제안을 목적으로 함
❍ 스마트팜은 자동화된 설비로 작물 생육과 환경을 진단, 제어하여 농업 생산 전 과정을 지능화한 시스템으로 시설 스마트팜, 노지 스마트팜, 수직농장, 스마트 축사가 있음
❍ 스마트팜은 생산성 및 품질 향상, 노동력 절감, 환경친화적 농업의 효율적 운영에 효율적인 부분에서 효과적이라고 할 수 있음
❍ 스마트팜을 도입하려는 충북 남부 3군은 농업인구 감소와 고령화, 과수와 노지채소 작물에 집중된 농업 구조를 갖고 있으며 이러한 농업 형태에 맞는 스마트팜이 필요함
❍ 스마트팜에 대한 설문조사 결과 인지만 하고 스마트팜에 대해 구체적으로 알고 있지 않은 농업인이 대부분이어서 이 부분에 대한 홍보가 필요하며 스마트팜에 대한 정보는 ‘뉴스(35.6%)’에서 가장 많이 얻고 있어 뉴스를 통한 홍보와 지식 전달이 필요하며 연령이 낮을수록 인터넷 활용이 효과적임
❍ 스마트팜으로 전환할 의향이 있다는 응답이 전체 1/3이었으며 이는 비교적 높은 비율이라고 판단됨. 특히 연령이 낮을수록 전환의 의향이 높은 것으로 조사되었음. 현재 많은 지자체에서 주로 추진하고 있는 스마트팜 정책은 대규모 임대형 스마트팜을 유치하여 청년들에게 임대하는 것을 주요 사업으로 추진하고 있지만 현재 농업에 종사하고 있는 50대 이하의 농업인들이 스마트팜으로의 전환을 돕는 정책을 마련해야 함
❍ 전환하고자 하는 이유는 ‘농산물 생산성 증가 기대’가 가장 높았고 전환하고자 하지 않으려는 이유는 ‘투자비가 없어서’가 가장 높았음. 따라서 투자비에 대한 부담을 줄이는 것이 스마트팜 보급에서 가장 해결해야 할 문제임
❍ 앞서 남부3군의 농업현황과 설문조사 분석 결과를 바탕으로 확산하기 위해 고려해야 할 사항은 세 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있는데 ① 스마트팜을 수행할 수 있는 농업인, ② 스마트팜으로의 전환을 위한 자본력, ③ 도입을 위한 스마트팜 설비시설임
❍ 스마트팜 활성화 방안으로 ① 남부3군 특화작목 중심 확산, ② 단계별 스마트팜 확산, ③ 빅데이터 활용 및 전문가 육성, ④ 스마트팜 관련 정보제공 및 홍보, ⑤ 스마트팜 전후방산업육성으로 제시했음. 이와 함께 구체적인 방안으로 ① 농림축산식품부 스마트팜 관련 사업 활용, ② 농업인 스마트팜 교육을 위한 대학과 협업, ③ 남부3군 스마트농업연구회 구성, ④ 스마트팜 생산 농산물 단체급식 활용을 제안했음

I. 서론 ······························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경과 목적 ·············································································································1

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ···········································································································5

II. 스마트팜 동향 ·············································································································· 7

1. 스마트팜 정의와 기술동향 ·······························································································7

2. 국·내외 스마트팜 육성정책 ···························································································16

3. 시사점 ····························································································································33

Ⅲ. 충북 남부3군 농업현황 ···························································································· 35

1. 농경지 및 농업인구 현황 ······························································································35

2. 주 재배작목 현황 ··········································································································38

3. 스마트팜 단지현황 ·········································································································41

4. 시사점 ····························································································································43

Ⅳ. 충북 남부3군 스마트팜 인식 분석 ·········································································· 45

1. 스마트팜 관련 설문조사 개요 ·······················································································45

2. 스마트팜 관련 설문조사 분석결과 ················································································47

3. 시사점 ····························································································································68

Ⅴ. 충북 남부3군 스마트팜 활성화 방안 및 정책제언 ················································· 69

1. 충북 남부3군 스마트팜 활성화 방안 ············································································69

2. 충북 남부3군 스마트팜 관련 정책제언 ······································································74

참고문헌 ····························································································································78

부록 ·····································································································································81

Abstract ·····························································································································84

2023년 청주국제공항 이용객은 1997년 민간 공항 개항 이후 최다인 369만명으로 집계되며, 높은 접근성을 기반으로 개항 이후 최대 실적을 기록할 만큼 이용객 수요가 증가되고 있으나, 軍 공항으로 인한 제약으로 민항기 취항 확대에 한계가 있는 상황이다. 이에 충청북도는 民軍 복합공항의 단점을 극복하고, 진정한 의미의 중부권 거점공항으로 자리잡기 위한 ‘청주국제공항 민간 전용 활주로 및 기반시설 확충’에 역량 집중하고 있다.
본 연구는 청주국제공항 민간전용 활주로 확충이 대한민국 항공화물 측면에서 당위성이 있다는 논지(論旨)에 기반한 논거(論據)를 찾는 연구를 목적한다. 첫째, 물류량과 전국토 접근성 측면에서의 청주국제공항 경쟁력 분석하고, 둘째, 항공화물 거점공항 육성에 따른 국가의 경쟁력 강화효과를 분석한다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다.
최단통행시간에 기초하여 분석 결과(교통분석 S/W인 TransCAD를 활용), 247개 시군구(통행존)에서 인천국제공항까지의 평균통행시간은 136.3분, 청주국제공항까지의 평균통행시간은 110.3분으로 분석되어 전국 기준 약 26.0분(19.1%)의 평균통행시간 절감효과가 있는 것으로 분석된다. 즉, 247개 시군구(교통존) 중 65.6%에 해당하는 162개 시군구가 평균통행시간 측면에서 청주국제공항 이용이 더 유리한 것으로 분석된다. 이를 기반으로 육상 물류비용 분석결과, 2023년 기준 인천국제공항으로의 육상 물류비용은 총 712.4억 원으로 분석되며, 이중 162개 시군구가 통행시간이 짧은 청주국제공항을 이용하지 못해 발생하는 손실비용은 전체 비용의 32.3%인 약 230.0억 원으로 분석된다.
한편 접근성이 우수한 청주국제공항을 제2항공화물 거점공항으로 육성하는 경우를 가정하고, 국가적 관점에서 편익(육상 물류비용)에 대한 계량 분석결과, 청주국제공항을 육성한 시나리오의 향후 20년간 육상 물류비용 절감효과는 약 1조 3,000억 원에 이를 것으로 분석된다.
본 연구는 그간의 주장을 뒷받침 할 수 있는 사회적 편익 측면의 정략적 근거를 제시하였다는데 의미가 있으며, 화물차량의 육상 운송비용만을 가정한 최소한의 추산으로 다양한 지표들이 추가되는 경우 보다 의미 있는 편익 산정이 기대된다.
이러한 연구결과는 국토균형발전, 지역경제 활성화 및 지역산업 특화육성 등의 측면에서 청주국제공항으로의 물류기능 분산 필요성을 증명하고 있으며, 물론 이를 위한 다양한 인프라와 항공화물 이해관계자들의 생태계 조성을 위한 노력도 함께 진행되어야 함을 강조한다.

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 배경 및 목적 ····················································································································1

2. 범위 및 방법 ··················································································································2

제II장 항공화물시장 현황 및 특성진단 ············································································ 5

1. 항공화물시장 개요 ···········································································································5

2. 항공화물시장 특성 및 동향 ·························································································12

3. 시군구별 항공화물 수출입 현황 ··················································································28

4. 소결 ······························································································································36

제III장 접근성에 기초한 청주국제공항 경쟁력 평가 ····················································· 37

1. 공항별 도로 접근성 분석 ······························································································37

2. 물류량에 기초한 육상 물류비용 산정 ···········································································45

3. 접근성과 물류량에 기초한 청주국제공항 경쟁력 ·························································50

제IV장 항공화물시장 및 관련 산업 장래 전망 ····························································· 53

1. 항공화물시장 장래 전망 ································································································53

2. 국내 항공화물 기반 수출산업 전망 ············································································60

3. 중부권 산업특성 및 전망 ····························································································69

4. 항공관련산업 현황 진단 ······························································································78

5. 소결 ································································································································86

제V장 청주국제공항 항공화물 육성에 따른 국가경쟁력 강화효과 ······························· 87

1. 분석 시나리오 설정 ·······································································································87

2. 시나리오별 국가경쟁력 강화 효과 ················································································92

제VI장 결론 ··············································································································· 103

1. 연구결과 요약 ············································································································103

2. 향후과제 ·····················································································································105

참고문헌 ·····················································································································106

부록 ······························································································································111

Abstract ···························································································································118

충청북도 공공부문 탄소중립 추진전략 수립을 목표로 한 본 연구는 기후위기 대응 및 2050 탄소중립 실현을 위해 필요한 공공부문의 역할을 분석하고, 효율적인 온실가스 감축 방안을 제시하고자 함. 충청북도는 풍부한 자연자원과 녹색산업 발전 가능성을 보유하고 있음에도 불구하고 공공부문 내 온실가스 배출 관리 수준에서 한계를 보이고 있어 체계적인 정책과 전략 수립이 시급한 상황임.
본 연구는 충청북도 공공부문에서 발생하는 에너지 사용과 온실가스 배출 현황을 분석하고, 국내외 공공부문의 온실가스 감축 사례를 조사하여 충청북도에 적합한 실행 방안을 도출함. 또한, 충북도청 건물(서관)을 대상으로 기준배출량을 조사하고 감축 잠재량을 정량적으로 평가하여 건물 및 교통 분야에서 적용 가능한 구체적이고 실질적인 감축 방안을 제안함. 이를 통해, 도내 공공기관이 2050 탄소중립 목표를 선도적으로 달성할 수 있도록 지원하고자 함.
연구 결과, 에너지 효율 향상과 불필요한 소비 감소를 위한 체계적인 관리가 중요하며, 특히 공공부문 건물의 제로에너지 인증 확대와 기존 건물의 그린리모델링 추진이 필요하다는 점을 도출함. 이와 함께, 공공부문 목표관리제의 지속적 강화와 구체적인 실행계획 수립, 재정적·제도적 지원 방안 마련 등이 필수적임을 확인함. 본 연구는 충청북도가 2050 탄소중립 목표를 달성하는 데 있어 필수적인 전략 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 것이며, 지역 내 공공부문의 감축 노력이 민간 부문으로 확산될 수 있는 토대를 제공할 것으로 기대됨

제I장 서론 ························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ···········································································································1

2. 연구 내용 및 방법 ·········································································································4

3. 연구의 기대효과 및 활용방안 ·························································································5

제II장 공공부문 온실가스 감축 및 관련 정책 현황 ························································ 6

1. 국내 공공부문 온실가스 감축 정책 현황 ·······································································6

2. 국외 공공부문 온실가스 감축 정책 현황 ···································································13

3. 공공부문 건물 온실가스 배출 현황: 부산시 사례 ·······················································18

4. 국외 공공부문 정책 현황 ······························································································22

제III장 대상기관 현황 및 기준배출량 ············································································ 26

1. 대상기관 현황 ················································································································26

2. 기준배출량 조사 및 감축 잠재량 산정 ·········································································34

제Ⅳ장 충북 공공부문 탄소중립 추진전략을 위한 제언 ··············································· 50

1. 효율적 목표관리제 추진을 위한 감축수단 도출 ···························································50

2. 제도개선 및 보완사항 ·································································································53

참고문헌 ······························································································································56

Abstract ·····························································································································57

해외직접투자의 직접적 주체인 기업들의 활동이 글로벌하게 전개되면서 보편화된 현상으로 이해되고 있다. 이와 관련된 구체적인 해외직접투자의 동기는 매우 다양하게 규명해왔으며, 현재까지도 다양한 원인에 의한 현상으로 판단된다.
해외직접투자의 일부 부작용에도 불구, 총론적으로 그 유용성에는 공감하는 상황이며, 우리나라의 경우에도 해외직접투자가 국내 경제성장의 근간으로 작용하고 있다. 충북의 산업구조에서 가장 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있는 제조업의 경우 상당 부분이 국제분업구조에 기반하고 있으며, 글로벌 시장에도 직간접적으로 영향을 주고 받는 상황이다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때 충북의 외국인 직접투자의 중심이 소재･부품･장비 중심 업종으로 특화된 측면도 같은 맥락에서 이해할 수 있다.
1948년 이후 글로벌 경제 성장과 함께 해외직접투자도 동반 성장세를 지속해 왔으나, 코로나19를 거치면서 해외직접투자도 정체 현상 지속되고 있다. 최근 심화되고 있는 지리경제학적 리스크 지속에 대해 다양한 이견이 존재하기도 하나, 최소 30년까지 장기화될 것이라는 전망이 힘을 얻는 분위기이고, FDI도 같은 맥락에서 상당기간 정체 현상을 지속할 것으로 전망된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 FDI에 대한 국가 및 당해 지역의 입장은 투자 유입에 의한 공요 확대, 지역경제 활성화 및 고도화 등의 순기능을 기대하는 상황이다. 한편, 팬테믹 기간 동안 급증한 FDI 규제적 조치의 등장･확대에도 불구하고 투자유치를 위한 노력을 매우 치열하게 전개되고 있는 양상이다.
첫째, Friend Shoring, Near Shoring 확대이다. 최근 투자유치와 관련한 지경학적 리스크 심화의 여파로 해외로 진출한 기업의 역내 유턴이나 부득이할 경우 인접국으로의 투자유치를 추진하는 흐름 전개되는 양상이다.
둘째, GVC의 해체 및 재구성이다. 기존 중국의 자원과 내수시장, 저임금 등의 활용을 목적으로 對中으로 유입된 글로벌 기업의 활동이 중국 경제를 성장시켰다는 평가이나, 미래 신성장 동력과 관련된 무임승차 논쟁도 야기하고 있다. 이와 관련 美의 對中 규제가 본격화됨에 따라 미국의 규제를 의식한 중국업체의 한국 투자가 확산되는 양상을 나타내고 있다.
충북의 FDI는 선진국, 소부장 제조업, 일회성 투자라는 특징 노출시키고 있다. 충북으로 유입되는 FDI는 역내에 기구축된 글로벌 수준의 첨단업종과 관련된 소부장 업종의 투자유입이 대부분으로 이러한 영향으로 선진국 기업의 유입 비중이 높고, 설비투자가 중심이므로 대규모 제조설비의 1회성 투자라는 특징을 나타낸다. 이러한 충북의 특징에 대해 국내 외국인 직접투자 동향은 수도권, 서비스업종 비중이 상대적으로 높다는 점을 고려할 때 충북의 FDI는 상반된 상황에 처해있는 것으로 판단된다.
본 연구에서 제시하고 있는 충북의 해외투자 유치전략은 다음과 같다.
당분간 충북의 FDI는 제조업종의 소부장이 중심될 수 밖에 없으므로 단기적으로는 소부장 업종에 대한 전후방 연관업종을 중심으로 하는 투자를 유도하는 방안이 현실적 대안으로 판단된다.
중기적으로는 바이오 등 미래 신성장동력의 역내 유치와 산업생태계 조성을 통한 기반 마련과 이를 통한 투자유치를 모색할 필요가 있다.
장기적으로는 충북에 차별화된 서비스 산업을 육성하고 이들과 연관된 FDI 투자를 유치하는 방안이 보다 현실적인 대안으로 판단된다.
향후 충북의 FDI 활성화를 위해서는 우선 역내 거버넌스를 보다 강화할 필요가 있으며, 민간의 연구센터 설치와 旣입주 외국인 투자기업 중심의 협의체 구성을 통한 상호간 연관관계를 보다 강화할 필요가 있다.

I. 서론 ······························································································································· 9

1. 연구 배경과 목적 ·············································································································9

2. 연구 내용 및 방법 ········································································································11

Ⅱ. 해외직접투자 관련 이론적 검토 ·············································································· 12

1. 해외직접투자 개관 ·········································································································12

2. 선행연구 고찰 ················································································································18

Ⅲ. 해외직접투자 관련 동향 분석 ·················································································· 24

1. 해외직접투자 정책 동향 ································································································24

2. 투자 동향 ·······················································································································54

Ⅳ. 해외직접투자 효과 분석 ··························································································· 97

1. FDI가 국민경제에 미치는 효과 ····················································································97

2. FDI가 충북경제에 미치는 효과 ··················································································111

Ⅴ. 충북의 해외직접투자 활성화를 위한 대안 모색 ··················································· 124

1. 시사점 ··························································································································124

2. 정책적 제언 ·················································································································127

Ⅵ. 요약 및 향후 연구 발전방향 ················································································· 134

1. 요약 ······························································································································134

2. 향후 연구 발전 방안 ···································································································136

참고문헌 ····························································································································137

Abstract ···························································································································143